Economic Issue Of Britains Entry In Euro Zone Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1987 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? This chapter aims to provide an overview of the methodological approaches and research design selected for application to a study on economic issue of Britain entry in Euro zone. In its exploration of the phenomenon of Britain and Europe economic conditions and paradigms, the dissertation shall investigate the economic variables of both the UK and the EU to seek the question whether Britain is ready to adopt the single currency the euro or not. Secondly, dissertation will throw some light on the comparatively performance of Britain and other European countries economy such as Germany and France, the study shall investigate the possibilities of implementing, following adaptation, and theories of macro policy (OCA). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Economic Issue Of Britains Entry In Euro Zone Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Thirdly, following the analysis of secondary data collected through a various economic theories, the dissertation shall critique prevalent to finding the answer. Finally, a proposal for the Britain entry into EU shall be proposed and the proposal defended through empirical evidence. Research design and research methodology In the part of text or statement of research methodology, each research throw up a set of unique questions and expresses that distinctly for a specified group of objectives. The act of expressing the view distinctly by collecting and analysing the data are known as research design. Additionally, both research method and research design serves to link the research questions to the data. Thus the collaboration of research methods, research designs and research strategies helps to test the hypothesis by underpin collection and analysis of data to satisfy the research objectives (Punch, 2000). For successful research, the researcher has to pass through the four stages which are: the selection of question to be research, identifying the relevant data of research question, determination of data and finally the last stage research method selection by which data can be analyse (Punch, 2000). The methodology applied in the current dissertation described in the form of research onion. The research onion is used to give clear and structural view to the reader about the method and strategy that has been designed. Starting from the outer layer the process is progressively peeled to the core to make dissertation research more systematic. Figure 3 shows the research onion process as applied in this current dissertation. The words in the bold indicate the chosen methods of each step. onion1.jpg Figure: 3 Type of Data Used in the Research and Its Sources It would be appropriate to describe methodology from the base which means examining the principal ideas and concepts first. As mentioned above, data collection and data analysis are the basic techniques which in turn, depend on the characteristics of data. With the help of innumerable amount of sources available, data is classified as quantitative and qualitative based on its content and interpretation. Therefore, the characteristics of the techniques and concepts depend on the data type (Saunders et al, 2007, p. 145; Creswell, 2003, p. 220; Miles and Huberman, 1994, p. 24). This research discuses if the United Kingdom should join the Euro or not. Apart from this, the relation between pound and sterling is explained. Use of currencies and macroeconomic variables for the United Kingdom and European Union includes use of quantitative data. These variables consist of Imports and exports, inflation rate, interest rate and GDP. Therefore, the current research is thoroughly quantitative. Data has been collected depending on the current monetary sources. This was done based on the information provided by the various statistical organizations and data bases (Eurostat, 2009; Global View, 2009). Time horizon According to the research onion, the second inner layer that is time horizon should be defined in term to deliver the exact nature of the research study. The literature review demonstrates the current research as complex and interactive process which means data may inevitably change over time as relationships develop and mature. Therefore, data should rely upon to look backward as well as forward time period by capturing some longitudinal and cross sectional data. Meanwhile, to trace the dynamic and historical development of some economic variables (such as interest rate, unemployment rate, currency fluctuation etc), longitudinal time horizons method has been used which gave the possibility to estimate the volatility and dynamics between the both currencies (the Pound and the Euro). Practically, the above economic variables are difficult to characterise in the isolated period of time. Thus, data picture captured must be rich for longitudinal time (Sekaran, 2006; Heckman and Leaner, 2007). So, the data in time series is extended from 1990 to 2009. Particularly, the reason for choosing that time of period is to observe the indicator of some economic variables before and after the introduction of the Euro. Furthermore, to observe the exact indicator of the pre- Euro and post- Euro variables, almost, equivalent period has been chosen to allow making comparison and drawing a final conclusion about the main research. However, longitudinal framework would not enough for inspecting the current problem. To make a unified framework, cross sectional time horizon has also been used to identify and understand the potential interaction between different actors and thus the behaviour they demonstrate to create the process taking place. In short, the dissertation research has equipped both cross-sectional and longitudinal data. Methods of data gathering Before embarking to the method of data gathering, it is important to throw some light on the methodology principle which allows researcher to choose specified data collection method according to the research requirement. In research procedure, data collection and data analysis is considered as vital key to reach at the conclusion. However, the procedures can be carried out in two or more steps or by one step depending on the research choice. Indeed, if research choice requires the characteristics of all methods namely, mono, mixed and multi method than it would not be prohibited by methodological principles. The fact is that, both the data collection and data analysis procedure cannot exist and operate in isolation form. In addition to this, the research study is not only associated with quantitative and qualitative data but also with primary and secondary data (Saunders et al, 2007; Lundberg and young, 2005). In simple term, research related to mono method uses single quantitative data collection technique and research related to multi method uses several data collection techniques. However, data analysis procedures can be limited by either qualitative or quantitative form in both methods. Lastly, research related to mixed method uses both qualitative and quantitative data collection and data analysiss techniques and procedures (Saunders et al, 2007; Lundberg and young, 2005). In the current dissertation research, mono method has been used in relation to research choice. The single technique used in dissertation to retrieve the data makes mono method more reasonable to adopt. The adopted mono method used the economic indicators which have been taken from statistical sources (also available publically) for the dissertation findings. Therefore, no survey or interviews were carried out to compose this study a multi method. However, the complexity of the research question that is whether the Britain are ready to adopt the single currency or not needs to collect and analyses a range of data. And according to the Punch (2000), the research data collection should be relevant to the research question. So, in current dissertation relevant economic indicators data related to the UK and the Euro zone area has been collected and analyse. These are mainly, currency fluctuation, international trade level, inflation and unemployment rate, interest rate. As mentioned abov e, these data are not acquired from surveying people or applying techniques but from statistical sources. Therefore, it can be said that, for effective solution with rational answer, the selected mono method is the best suited method for the current research. Strategy and approach Following from the core to the surface layer of the research onion the next two layers are research strategies and research approaches. These two layers are exceptionally interrelated each other because the research approach leads to choose the strategies. In short, the strategies can only be formed on chosen approach. So, imposing research approaches prior to research strategies would be more logical than vice versa. The current dissertation research used deductive approach. In the consequence, the stages of deductive research begin with hypotheses which are originated according to the theoretical concept considered in the literature review. Going one step further, testing hypothesis by utilise collection of data considered to be another important stage in the process of deductive approach. After that, if necessary the theory can be modified in the light of the findings. In other words, deductive approach implies testing already exiating theory in the framework of a certain case (Saunders et al, 2007, p. 146; Bryman and Bell, 2007, p. 11). On the other hand, inductive approach may lead to some inexperienced or unconfirmed theoretical laws from a certain form of data (can be quantitative or qualitative data) (Saunders et al, 2007). The empirical research in literature review underpins with hypothesis prior to collection of data makes deductive approach more appropriate and useful to follow. In relation to dissertation research, the chosen deductive approach should need to be defined in brief. Firstly, from the early scenario, the two hypotheses were drawn which has to be tested by analyzing data: Research Hypothesis H1- euro will bring benefit to the UK in the current condition of credit crises. H2- euro will not bring benefit to the UK in the current condition of credit crises. According to the data collection techniques and data analysis procedures the hypotheses were tested which further allowed to proving at least one hypothesis out of two and rejecting the other. At the end, the finding of research has been compared to the notion of the current literature theory (OCA and Monetary union theory) to conclude the final results. In the context, the selected deductive approach would gain a lot to findings and also considered to be as a best approaching method than any other given methods. The few reasons behind this are; firstly, deductive approaches explain casual relationship between variables (Saunders et al, 2007). Secondly, the two contradicting hypothesis (as mentioned above) would definitely turn anyone to be true. Hence, the finding would be more rational and allowed to reduce the chance of unforeseen results. It also should be argued that the final findings have to be objectivism and originate as an individual from earlier estimate (Bryman and Bell, 2007, p. 11). Mostly, it turned up to be true especially in the case when research operates with qualitative data. As mentioned above, the current dissertation findings deal with two possible solutions. To investigate impartially, objectivism philosophy has been used in the research. Finally, selecting an appropriate research strategy is a key theme in dissertation. Research strategy identifies the key features and makes plans according to the research requirement (Robson, M. 2002). In this research, I have selected comparative analysis strategy for current dissertation. The Britain may be prepared for the euro adoption. But, will Euro bring advantages to the Britain? Adopting Euro as a local currency may have numerous pros and cons. To compare and balance this all, comparative analysis strategy has been used. Starting from the volatility of currency, the Britain currency volatility (pound) will compared to the volatility of Euro. After that, inflation rate between both of the countries will be evaluated and compared. If UK will join the Euro, there will be single monetary policy set by European central bank. In this situation, if business cycles of the UK do not converge with the Euro zone business cycle, the single monetary policy may fail to be effective and b ring disadvantages to the UK economy. To investigate this, the comparison of business cycles in the UK and the Euro Zone countries has been focused in research. On the other hand, to consider one of the advantages to joining Euro, increased international trade has been mentioned. Single currency eliminates exchange rate risk which brings benefit to increase the trade. This will further tested in the analysis part by comparing the growth of imports and exports in the European Union before and after the introduction of the Euro.

Being Heroic in the Right Time Essay - 802 Words

Being Heroic in the Right Time Heroes arise all around you from men that land a plane on the Hudson, to a twelve year old boy that dies trying to save his grandpa from a fire. Even kids see heroes, they have capes, and masks, and medals of honor. Growing up under a corrupted leader can be a hard life. Its hard to see heroes when the guy who is suppose to be the countries leader is corrupted. The Mirabal sister are able to step out and be heroes In a dark covering of Trujillo. To me Minerva is a great hero, she steps her to challenges. She stopped her friend from shooting Trujillo. She boldly Stands up to Trujillo when he tries to hit on her. Last after she stood up to him she still goes to the palace to free her father. That takes a lot†¦show more content†¦Saving Sinitas life was not the only thing that made Minerva a hero. Its hard to stand up to someone that has so much power over you, but Minerva wasnt going to let anybody treat her like she didnt want to be treated. No, no. El Jefe has invited you to his table. Patria and Dede exchange a scared look. ( pg. 63). This shows that Minerva has heroic characteristics. She gives everyone the benefit of the doubt. She goes to sit with Trujillo because he has power over her and she gives authority respect at first. Thats exactly what Im trying to convince Papa to do. In confess., playing this man against my father. If El a Jefe says he wants me to study. Papa will have to let me. Ive always wanted to study law. (Pg. 65). Real heroes always started out with having dreams. Some heroes dreamed their whole life of simply being heroes. She would be a hero to all women if she was the First Lady to attend a university. He yanks me by the wrist, thrusting his pelvis at me in a vulgar way, and if can see my hand in and endless slow motion rise. - a mind all of its own- and come down on the astonished made up face. ( pg. 67). By Minerva standing up to Trujillo it gives a lot of other women relief that someone will finally stand up to Him. She doesnt back down because someone has more power than her, but she stands up for what she knows is right. Minerva never let anybody treat her with disrespect, and when anybody treated her family with disrespect she stood up toShow MoreRelatedTo Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee1185 Words   |  5 Pagesand in the Deep South where racial discrimination is prominent. Hamlet is a tragic play, written about the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, involving incest, murder, and dishonesty. The above literatures are written during different periods of time and are contrastive in numerous aspects. However, both literatures are comprised of numerous scenes where the main characters deal with situations that test their morality and values. Atticus Finch in To Kill a Mockingbird and Hamlet in Hamlet, areRead MoreHeroism : A True Hero1283 Words   |  6 Pagesheroes cannot be someone who are too lazy to take the time to study how to make those discoveries or inventions. Heroism can be when people stand up for what they believe is right, no matter what other people think about them or their idea. Heroism is not when people are afraid of what other people might think about them or what they believe in. Finally, A true hero is someone who doesn’t leave anyone behind when their lives are at risk. Being a hero does not mean that you pick and choose who youRead MoreTaming Of The Shrew Vs Antigone Essay1122 Words   |  5 Pagesperson, who in the opinion of others, has special achievements, abilities, or personal qualities, and is regarded as a role model. (Dictionary.com) In the two plays and movie, Taming of the Shrew, Antigone, and The Long Walk Home, there are many heroic characters such as, Kate from Taming of the Shrew, Antigone from Antigone, and Miriam Thompson from The Long Walk Home. Taming of the Shrew is a play that tells of a tale of one of two sisters, Kate and Bianca, trying to get suitors to marry. HoweverRead MoreEssay on Honor and Glory in Homers Iliad1402 Words   |  6 Pagescut our lives short at any time, so the Greeks must have an example, a model mortal, to follow so as to make the most of their lives.A model mortal is one who lives his life accumulating the most honor and glory: he pressed for battle now where men win glory (4: 259).By strictly adhering to the honor/heroic code, a mortal can raise himself to become the model mortal. This hero, Diomedes, is the model mortal of the Greeks.    Diomedes follows the heroic code, finding glory and honorRead MoreOdysseus And The Heroic Cycle In Homers The Odyssey806 Words   |  4 Pageswe have learned that, The Odyssey, demonstrates a prime example of the heroic cycle. The story begins after the defeat of the Trojans in the Trojan War. The greek hero, Odysseus, embarks on his victorious journey back to his home land of Ithaca. Fatefully, Odysseus’s journey goes awry resulting in him being captured and held hostage for seven years by the greek goddess, Calypso. Ultimately, the gods of Mt. Olympus decide the time has come for Odysseus to return to Ithaca and be reunited with his familyRead MoreFarenheit 451 Paper1504 Words   |  7 PagesMontag, is an intellect. In the society he lives in, books are illegal. The government feels threatened by people with the knowledge that books promote. Montag has the infamous job of a fireman, an odd twist on our society’s fireman. Fireman in this time start fires rather t han stop them and the fuel for the fires are books. The government attempts to suppress thinkers; people who question orders given, people who question things that most just ignore. Montag’s job easily disguises his secret plots;Read MoreThe Rape Of The Lock1295 Words   |  6 PagesIn order to understand Alexander Pope’s The Rape of the Lock, it is imperative that the reader comprehends the meaning of wit and its purpose, the resulting effect of rhymes, and what meanings and/or feelings are conveyed when reading a heroic couplet or the â€Å"coupletness† of the poem. For Pope, wit and couplets are overlapping, intersecting concepts. Pope employs vocabulary, syntax and style to bring wit to his poems, proving that form is not divisible from content. In The Rape of the Lock, PopeRead MoreThe Ramayana As A Hero Essay1508 Words   |  7 Pagesbeen subject to many changes, especially with respect to changes over time and in terms of how heroism is viewed by diff erent cultures. The thing being explored in this chapter, primarily through the analysis of major heroic archetypes and characters, is how the ancient Indian heroic society takes the ideas of heroism, with specific focus on the epic poem ‘The Ramayana’. Along with the examining of the major characterstics of heroic archetypes, specifically the hero who works with a partner or companionRead More Epic Vs. Modern Heroes Essay1008 Words   |  5 Pagescry from Monty Python’s Search for the Holy Grail, is a far a-hem cry from the modern day hero’s, the essence remains the same. Many aspects of culture have been wholly altered, but society’s quest for a hero has remained. Each people of the ancient times had a matchless idol that was unto his self the embodiment of cultural perfection. In more recent eras, where societies vary exceedingly, people have relied on scores of heroes. The United States is deemed the â€Å"melting pot† of the world due t o theRead MoreHeroism Essay743 Words   |  3 PagesWhat is being a hero mean? Heroism is to be brave when others are not willing to and being caring when other need it. Being a hero means you never back down and are not afraid. Every hero, big or small fights for something different, like rights that they deserve, to stand out from the crowd, doing what is right in their mind, or just doing what their gut tells them to. Rights are an important factor in life that everyone deserves but many individuals live without. Many beings will fight for it

Social Effects And Factors Of Accounting †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Social Effects And Factors Of Accounting. Answer: Introduction There has been a growth in demand of sustainable behaviour special interest with respect to environment and social effects on businesses (Reverte, 2008); therefore this research has been carried out to assess the factors of accounting exposure of emission rights. For carrying out this research, there have been 119 businesses used from all over the world for the face of year 2011 (Gallego-Alvarez, Martnez-Ferrero and Cuadrado-Ballesteros, 2016). The findings of this research depict various accounting treatments which are based on different factors. Particularly, all the businesses which are from nations that have already implied environmental trading schemes (ETS)have a tendency to record emission rights by use of provisions, inventory and investments. From the different environmental issues, this paper focuses on carbon care emissions, which have been in focus from Kyoto protocol starteddebateonpublicationofvarious lawsinnational and international levels. It had set up emissions business way to deal with worldwide guess emissions. After that, there has been a rise in business rules and regulations and suggestions. latelymilestone was achieved in Paris wins 195 nations gave consent for limiting their carbon emissions through the Paris agreement 2015, along with the USA thatwas verymuch reluctant to use such contracts.Stilla major point that has to be considered is to see the way in which the carbon gas emissions can be reflected in terms of accounts. As per these contracts and agreements, it is important that the parties to agreement define the related models, principles, rules,lawsand guidelines for verifying, reporting and accounting for emissions;howeverthe international standards are not very much developed on this issue. Motivation through Agency Theory Agency theory is applied here to know the relations among agents and principals. The agent symbolizes the principal in a specific trade transaction and is likely to characterize the welfare of the principal with no consideration for self-interest. The diverse motivations of principals and agents may turn out to be a basis of conflict, as a few agents might not completely proceed in the principal's most excellent interests. Practical Motivation The business firms are major source of the emitting carbon therefore these are having high potential for bringing necessary amendments for reduction of carbon in the environment. The businesses are under rising pressure to show their commitment for minimisation of carbon impacts. By ETS the firms are allotted a given quota for emitting gases and this quota is decided by their respective country's environmental policies. As per this quarter trading, the firms have to perform their operations in a fresh manner so that new knowledge and skills can be developed. Theoretical Motivation: In the middle of 1990s, the UN framework Convention on the climate changes i.e. UNFCCC observed that there was a requirement of bringing limits to the emission of carbon. In the year 1997, the renowned Kyoto protocol was issued so that the greenhouse gas emissions could be lessened and there could be redistribution of expenses and costs linked with climate changes by shifting them from the word nations to the businesses that are actually accountable for such emissions and make profit out of them. But this protocol came into effect in the year 2005 and just 37 developed nations signed it. In this the China and the USA were the Nations which did not sign this protocol and they were the highly polluting nations. The first phase of compliance finished in the year 2012 and the subsequent phase of this protocol started in the year 2013. However still this protocol has very few nations playing to do it and these are just the developed nations (Bae Choi, Lee and Psaros, 2013). But lately in Paris, by the end of 2015 last number of nations of the world along with China and USA also signed the Paris agreement which is a substitution for this Kyoto protocol. So the Paris agreement is the worldwide contract for reduction of carbon emissions and its major benefit is that the nations are obligated to make an inventory which depicts the amount of net emissions. It also makes them firms to commit to maintain the global warming less than 2C. This agreement focuses on the net emissions and has led to the rise in financial funds given by the most developed and industrialized nations. Thus, these kinds of agreements have to be considered for determination of accounting approach for emission rights. Although the Paris agreement substitutes Kyoto protocol still the research which has been considered here is regarding Kyoto protocol because this research has been taken from the year 2011, until when the Paris agreement was not made (Phelps, 2014). Literature Review and Hypothesis Development Base theory Legitimacy Theory For assessing the hypothesis the first in this research, dependency model is suggested where dependent variables show the diverse accounting treatment of carbon emission rights and independent variables show the aspects that have effect on this treatment. The results are menace through leverage, size, sector and profitability. The hypothesis contains ETS, GRI indicators and Kyoto protocol.So, the relationship between the independent dependent variables can be shown by graduation as below: ACCOUNTANTi =0 +1ETSi + 2IGRI i +3INOGRIi + 4KYOTOi + 5Size +6Leveragei +7Profitabilityi + 8Sectori + i ACCOUNTANTi is the dependent variable that shows various manners of accounting treatment for carbon emission rights. It equals 1 in case the firm is treating it to be and expenditure and it turns out to be 2 in case this is seen as an intensive unless it. It equals 3 if it's observed as a provision and equals 4 when it's observed to be RD expenditures and 5 if it is observed to be any other entry like liability, investment or stock. Hypotheses ETSiis seen to be the dummy variable which would be equal to 1 when the phone is part of the nation which is already set up emissions trading arrangements, or else it would be zero (Black, 2013). IGRIi is variable which was the indicators regarding carbon emissions and climate change which are officially documented by the businesses as per the GRI regulations. To make this variable, there has been different sustainability reports of businesses considered from the sample so that the total direct and indirect emissions of carbon can be calculated by weight. Just like that, INOGRIi is a variable which shows different indicators regarding the gas emissions and climate change which have been documented officially by the business as per the report created by KPMG and GRI (Black, 2013). This research undertook the contents of sustainability reports of the sample businesses with different indicators. KYOTOiis a model/ dummy variable which would be equal to 1 in case the business is of a nation which is a part of this protocol, or else it would be zero. Apart from this all the results are managed by entering diverse variables which are size of the business, firms leverage which is decided as ratio of the total debts and Equity. Profitability I is the profitability of the businesses which is assessed by the EBIT and the sector is the whenever which shows various sectors which have to be consider while calculating the involvement of gas emissions. In this research the sample businesses are from different sectors which are Airways, paper products, aerospace, energy and defence, chemical, metals, Forest and crude oil production, mining and refining etc. Conclusion This research has laid stress on the accounting treatment of carbon emission quotas or their privileges. Since there has been very less attempt of determining the ways of accounting decisions for treatment of these, this study was attempted to respond to the below query: What aspects decide the various accounting treatment of emission principles on global extent? Also a study was performed with a sample of 119 global businesses in the year 2011, from which the results have been undertaken (Gallego-Alvarez, Martnez-Ferrero and Cuadrado-Ballesteros, 2016). There has been a dependence model suggested for considering the role played by different factors GRI and non-GRI signals, Kyoto protocols, ETS. This factor can have different roles in accounting treatment of carbon gas emission rights. This study also shows that the businesses which pertain to the nations having ETS have a tendency of accounting for these, particularly as a provision or by other entries like stocks, investments, loans etc. Similarly the businesses which have a disclosure on indicators of climate change and gas emission have a tendency treating these to be the research and development expenditures or any other kind of expenditures. A few of them might not even record them at all.Also the businesses which pertain to nations which have approved Kyoto protocol will have a tendency to just ignore them rather than using them as expense (Lippert, 2015). This outcome showed that there is huge diversity and accounting treatment of information rights and there is a negative impact of this diversity on stakeholders. The stakeholders find it hard to decide because of inadequate compatible information. Therefore it is important that international norms are standardised for accounting treatment of these gases. The stakeholders have to consider all these differences while making decisions because when various methods are utilised then there would the divergences in the financial statements (Kumarasiri and Jubb, 2016). It is important that the accounting entries are standardised so that corporate performances can be compared. It is also suggested that FASB, IASB and other international bodies bring any agreement so that this inconsistency of recording the carbon emissions can be standardised. If the accounting practices are not consistent, it would be difficult to compare the final reports (Lu, 2014). When the accounting standards for such emissions are made, then the financial users, stakeholders and employees can rightly assess the emission rights. References Bae Choi, B., Lee, D. and Psaros, J. (2013). An analysis of Australian company carbon emission disclosures. Pacific Accounting Review, 25(1), pp.58-79. Black, C. (2013). Accounting for Carbon Emission Allowances in the European Union: In Search of Consistency. Accounting in Europe, 10(2), pp.223-239. Gallego-Alvarez, I., Martnez-Ferrero, J. and Cuadrado-Ballesteros, B. (2016). Accounting Treatment for Carbon Emission Rights. Systems, 4(1), p.12. Kumarasiri, J. and Jubb, C. (2016). Carbon emission risks and management accounting: Australian evidence. Accounting Research Journal, 29(2), pp.137-153. Lippert, I. (2015). Environment as datascape: Enacting emission realities in corporate carbon accounting. Geoforum, 66, pp.126-135. Lu, Y. (2014). Estimation of Black Carbon Emission of China. Journal of Environmental Accounting and Management, 2(2), pp.115-122. Phelps, T. (2014). Truth Delayed: Accounting for Human Rights Violations in Guatemala and Spain. Human Rights Quarterly, 36(4), pp.820-843. Reverte, C. (2008). Determinants of Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure Ratings by Spanish Listed Firms. Journal of Business Ethics, 88(2), pp.351-366.

A New Theory of Dinosaur Evolution

A New Theory of Dinosaur Evolution Its not often that a scholarly paper about dinosaur evolution shakes up the world of paleontology and is covered in major publications like The Atlantic and The New York Times. But that is exactly what has happened with a paper published in the British magazine Nature, A New Hypothesis of Dinosaur Relationships and Early Dinosaur Evolution, by Matthew Baron, David Norman and Paul Barrett, on March 22, 2017. What makes this paper so revolutionary? To grasp this requires a quick briefing on the currently existing, widely accepted theory about the origin and evolution of dinosaurs. According to this scenario, the first dinosaurs evolved from archosaurs about 230 million years ago, during the late Triassic period, in the part of the supercontinent Pangea that corresponds to modern-day South America. These first, small, relatively undifferentiated reptiles then split off into two groups over the next few million years: saurischian, or lizard-hipped, dinosaurs, and ornithischian, or bird-hipped, dinosaurs. Saurischians include both plant-eating sauropods and meat-eating theropods, while ornithischians comprise everything else (stegosaurs, ankylosaurs, hadrosaurs, etc.). The new study, based on a lengthy, detailed analysis of dozens of dinosaur fossils, presents a different scenario. According to the authors, the ultimate ancestor of dinosaurs originated not in South America, but in the part of Pangea roughly corresponding to modern-day Scotland (one proposed candidate is the obscure, cat-sized   Saltopus). The first true dinosaur, moreover, is proposed to be Nyasasaurus, which originated  in the part of Pangea corresponding to modern-day Africaand which lived 247 million years ago, ten million years earlier than previously identified first dinosaurs like Eoraptor. More importantly, the study completely rearranges the lowest branches of the dinosaur family tree. In this account, dinosaurs are no longer divided into saurischians and ornithischians; rather, the authors propose a group called Ornithoscelidae (which lumps in theropods along  with ornithischians) and a redefined Saurischia (which now includes sauropods and the family of meat-eating dinosaurs called herrerasaurs, after the early South American dinosaur Herrerasaurus). Presumably, this classification helps account for the fact that many ornithischian dinosaurs possessed theropod-like characteristics (bipedal postures, grasping hands, and in some species, even feathers), but its further implications are still being worked out. How important is all this for the average dinosaur enthusiast? Despite all the hype, not very. The fact is that the authors are looking back to a very opaque time in dinosaur history, when the earliest branches of the dinosaur family tree had yet to be established, and when it would have been virtually impossible for an observer on the ground to distinguish between a profusion of  two-legged archosaurs, two-legged theropods, and two-legged ornithischians. Turn the clock ahead tens of millions of years to the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, and everything pretty much remains unchangedTyrannosaurus Rex is still a theropod, Diplodocus is still a sauropod, all is right with the world. How have other paleontologists reacted to the publication of this paper? There is widespread agreement that the authors have done careful, detailed work, and that their conclusions deserve to be taken seriously. However, there are still some objections being voiced about the quality of the fossil evidence, especially as it pertains to the earliest dinosaurs, and most scientists agree that additional, confirming evidence will be needed before books on dinosaur evolution have to be rewritten. In any case, it will take years for this research to filter out to the general public, so theres no need to worry just yet about how to pronounced ornithoscelidae.

Norms and Values Essay Essays

Norms and Values Essay Essays Norms and Values Essay Essay Norms and Values Essay Essay Beginning of Life Culture is an acquired style of living. At birth children do not have any knowledge of their cultures nor do they have any influence on which culture they can emulate. The process through which a person acquires certain values and norms is called socialization. At the beginning of ones life, the major influences on the behaviors, conceptions, and values of infants are their immediate social circles. Family and friends often make for the primary influences of individuals. Another important influence is the cultural context in which socialization occurs. The norms and values that are in India may not be the same as how people are socialized in Canada. Cultural diversity often influences the socialization (Kallivayalil 535-559). Looking at the differences in the socialization process in India and Canada can give important insight into the norms and values of both societies. Socialization pushes people towards an ideology or philosophy that governs social and cultural life (Kallivayalil 535-559). In India, there are many different ethnicities. This phenomenon, therefore, complicates the socialization process of the country. For instance, Yanomamo Indian boys are brought up to be aggressive and thought. They are taught to embrace violence and overwhelming emotions. For the most part, socialization is often culturally motivated in India, compared to European and Western Cultures. The family unit is an important social and political unit. In India, a lot of families practice joint living with the extended family (Kallivayalil 535-559). The mother is the nurturer while the father represents the bread winner of the family. In Indian culture, males are permissive, and females are meant to be submissive. The respect for elders also makes important competency for these students. The gender lines in India are given priority in nurturing children. For instance, theyre taught how they ought to behave and even have arranged marriage. In fact, the filing of divorce is not taken well by the society. Western cultures bring up their children in a different method. For one, the value for culture is limited given the diverse mix of people. It is difficult to find parents and peers whose cultural and social belief coincide. For this reason, one of the approaches through which values and norms are imparted to children (Pike and Zureik 1). Education and political socialization, therefore, present as the acceptable and most widely used measures for socialization. It is important to note that these measures only improve the outcome of how youth grow. Through learning about stratification methods and incorporating the ideologies deemed universal in civic education, is the primary approach towards socialization in western cultures (Pike and Zureik 1). Political socialization is a method through which people are socialized in Canada. Through civic education, the value of having and practicing certain moral values and coin conceptualizations is instilled in the lives of young people. However, it is important to note that there are different approaches towards civic education. The intent for Canada, however, is to stir political participation in the people (Claes, Hooghe and Stolle 613). Still, through civic education, small children can grow up having value for social service. Social service inspires more participation in community and therefore inspires more responsibility and character in peoples. It is, however, important to note that in its diversity, social stratification and socialization is one of the priorities of political socialization. The country is ultimately focused on protecting the ethnicities and the values that they hold. They country, therefore, is better positioned regarding liberal and culturally motivated socia lization(Claes, Hooghe and Stolle 613). Work Cited Claes, Ellen, Marc Hooghe, and Dietlind Stolle. The Political Socialization Of Adolescents In Canada: Differential Effects Of Civic Education On Visible Minorities. Canadian Journal of Political Science 42.03 (2009): 613. Web. 20 Mar. 2017. Kallivayalil, D. Gender And Cultural Socialization In Indian Immigrant Families In The United States. Feminism Psychology 14.4 (2004): 535-559. Web. 20 Mar. 2017. Pike, Robert M., and Elia Zureik. Socialization And Values In Canadian Society: Socialization, Social Stratification And Ethnicity On JSTOR. Jstor.org. N.p., 1978. Web. 20 Mar. 2017.

Film And Ideology In Blue Velvet By David Lynch Essay

Film And Ideology In Blue Velvet By David Lynch - Essay Example On the other hand, a meticulous observation of the scenes that includes even the minutest details in the movie would aid in identifying the different philosophies that the movie wants to present to its viewers. The characters had at the same time played their parts well such that they were able to deliver the roles they play at par. The actors represented different characters that reveal the deepest secrets in a small suburban town in America. These secrets that were revealed by the film illustrate the fact that even in small towns that look peaceful and serene; a nightmare could lie beneath its surface. Unlike any other movies in the 80s, David Lynch has been successful in creating various symbolisms in the movie "Blue Velvet." From a town that is overwhelmed with bright white fences, blood red fire trucks running along the streets, as well as the pruned roses in the gardens of every household, Lynch was able to transcend meaning through these objects that can be observed during the entire length of the movie. Even the first scenes of the movie where the lead character, Jeffrey Beaumont, had found a severed, ant-infested human ear near a glassy trail had its own significant symbolism in the story. (http://www.slantmagazine.com/film/film_ review.aspID=56, para 1) Lynch's mise en scene clearly describes the reality and streams of the subconscious throughout the film in this psychosexual drama in 1980. "The many rooms of Blue Velvet are fascinatingly representative of internal moods: the white walls of the virginal Sandy's home; the garish blues and vaginal pinks of Dorothy's kitschy modern apartment; and the cluttered, homely look of the Beaumont home. Jeffrey innocently woes Sandy with an okey-dokey "chicken walk" before the officer's daughter speaks of a dream where darkness fell upon the face of the earth because there were no robins." (http://www.slantmagazine.com/film/film_review.aspID=56, para 1) The illustrations above are just examples of the various symbolisms Lynch used to create an association of the philosophies of human characters and attitudes with the scenes in the movie. Ideologies in "Blue Velvet" The complications of life are brought about by one's own acts, chosen freely according to his choice. From the moment Jeffrey Beaumont found the severed ear along a grassy field in his hometown, he had allowed the overwhelming situation after the incident affects his life. He could have decided not to submit himself into the situation but Jeffrey chooses to take part in the investigation. This eventually had led him to a more complicated situation that almost cost him his life. Every action has its own consequence that should be faced with enough strength and knowledge, as well as the wisdom that would lead to the preferred outcome of the involved. Jeffrey's character, who is at that time in his tender college years, is faced with overwhelming circumstances that showed him the reality of a life that is filled with responsibilities and mystery enveloping one's personality. How he'd respond to them relies in himself alone. The events in the movie had emphasized Jeffrey's innocent transformation from a young adult into a man who had explored the mysteries that

What It Takes to Be a Volunteer Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What It Takes to Be a Volunteer - Article Example I thoroughly enjoyed the experience because it made me feel special as I was able to impart that special feel within the lives of the people themselves. I found out that by doing good, the conscience gains quite a great deal of satisfaction as it is something that makes me feel satisfied with who I am and what I want to give back to the society in more ways than one. The socio-economic development that took place in Haiti during this time was immense. I learned quite a few aspects related to the socio-economic development domains as these have been very dear to me now. I found out that I can grow my capacity building domains as these had the power to find new pathways and thus translate success into a language of its own in the most basic sense. More than anything else, I aspire to seek my own success through the steps that I undertook and which I plan on taking in the coming times as well, and not just remain limited to the Haiti experience in the sheerest sense. The socio-economic development in times of peace and security are therefore some of the more significant pointers that I will derive from the entire experience of being a volunteer in Haiti. It gave me immense satisfaction to know that I belonged amongst the people who could do something or the other for the people who were in distress and who required a hand at the end of the day, no matter how small the effort turned out to be (Kelloway, 2001). I am of the opinion that some possible ways of encouraging volunteerism are through finding pathways through which the related individuals are contacted so that they can give their best towards the societal domains. This will help them shape up in a better manner than they ought to be without the volunteering role coming to the fore.